خانه CHLORINATION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER DISINFECTION Chlorine Chlorine is one of the most commonly used disinfectants for water disinfection. Chlorine can be applied for the deactivation of most microorganisms and it is relatively cheap. ?When was chlorine discovered Chlorine gas was presumably discovered in the thirteenth century. Chlorine (Cl2) was first prepared in pure […]

خانه ELECTRODEIONIZATION (EDI) THE EVOLUTION OF DEIONIZATION ?What is EDI High purity water production has traditionally used a combination of membrane separation and ion exchange processes. EDI is a process which combines semi-impermeable membrane technology with ion-exchange media to provide a high efficiency demineralization process. Electro dialysis employ electrical current and specially-prepared membranes which are […]

خانه ULTRAVIOLET (UV) DISINFECTION FOR WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT AND ULTRAVIOLET (UV-C) SANITIZERWHAT IS THE WATER DISINFECTION WITH ULTRAVIOLETS?The sun emits invisible light, the ultraviolet light, having sterilizing effect. This natural phenomenon is reproduced inside reactor (irradiation chamber) in which water goes in and will be disinfected by UV radiation (learn more about how does […]

خانه ULTRAFILTRATION (UF) INTRODUCTION Ultrafiltration (UF) involves pressure-driven separation of materials from a feed solution. The technology is used to remove particulate and microbial contaminants, but it does not remove ions and small molecules. Pressure drives the process, which typically operates with a feed pressure of 4 to 100 psig. UF plants are automated and […]

خانه SLOW SAND AND DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION Although rapid sand filters predominate, the two types of filters covered in this chapter may be effective in many applications where source water quality permits. In general, the combined costs of constructing and operating slow sand and diatomaceous earth (DE) filters may be considerably less than the cost […]

خانه REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) MEMBRANE PROCESSCommon membrane processes include ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), electrodeionization (EDI). These processes (with the exception of UF) reduce most ions; RO and UF systems also provide efficient reduction of non-ionized organics and particulates. Because UF membrane porosity is too large for ion rejection, the UF process is used to […]

خانه MICROFILTRATION (MF) Microfiltration (MF)Microfiltration removes particles in the range of approximately 0.1 to 1 micron. In general, suspended particles and large colloids are rejected while macromolecules and dissolved solids pass through the MF membrane. Applications include removal of bacteria, flocculated materials, or TSS (total suspended solids). Transmembrane pressures are typically 10 psi (0.7 bar). […]

خانه RAPID GRANULAR BED FILTRATION Rapid Gravity Sand Filter General Description Rapid granular bed filtration, formerly known as “rapid sand filtration,” usually consists of passage of pretreated water through a granular bed at rates of between 2 and use of upflow filters is reported in Latin America, Russia, and the Netherlands. Both gravity and pressure […]

خانه Nanofiltration (NF) MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY The Nanofiltration technique is mainly used for the removal of two valued ions and the larger mono valued ions such as heavy metals. This technique can be seen as a coarse RO (reversed osmosis) membrane.Because nano filtration uses less fine membranes, the feed pressure of the NF system is generally […]

خانه OZONE DISINFECTION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT OZONE DISINFECTION LiAN TADBiR Engineering company supplies ozone generators for ozone disinfection applications including drinking water, cooling water, process water, aquaculture, marine parks among many other applications. ?WHAT IS OZONE DISINFECTION One common method of disinfecting wastewater is ozonation (also known as ozone disinfection). Ozone is an […]

خانه PRESSURE SAND FILTERS These filters are the most popular method for removal of turbidity from water. The Pressure Sand Filter consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size and specific gravity. These Filters are designed to remove turbidity and suspended particles present in the feed water with minimum pressure drop. […]

خانه MIXED BED ION EXCHANGE (IX) Mixed bed ion exchange is an ion exchange process for polishing of demineralised water, meaning for removal of trace dissolved solids from water.A mixed bed ion exchanger (also: mixed bed polisher, mixed bed filter) is a vessel filled with a mixture of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin. […]

خانه GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER Activated Carbon Filter The Activated carbon Filters are designed to remove free chlorine, organic matter, odour and Colour present in the raw water and waste water.Due to its high degree of micro porosity, activated carbons provide a huge surface area. Activated carbon filter operates through adsorption. Adsorption is directly related […]

خانه ION EXCHANGE RESIN WATER SOFTENER Water, passing through the atmosphere as snow or rain, picks up carbon dioxide (CO2) and other acid gases and reaches the Earth’s surface as a weakly acidic solution (CO2 + H2O  H2CO3) commonly referred to as carbonic acid.. The rain that falls into surface waters such as streams, […]

خانه MEDIA FILTRATION Filtration, as it applies to water treatment, is the passage of water through a porous medium to remove suspended solids. According to Baker (1948), the earliest written records of water treatment, dating from about 4000 B.C., mention filtration of water through charcoal or sand and gravel. Although a number of modifications have […]

خانه This method developed in early 1950’s, It is usually used for water treatment of refineries, petrochemicals and industries that produce oily wastewater, etc. The API separator is normally the first, and most important, wastewater treatment step in petroleum refineries. The primary function of a properly designed API separator is to remove the majority of […]

خانه Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment are combination of a suspended growth biological treatment method, usually activated sludge, with membrane filtration equipment, typically low-pressure microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. The membranes are used to perform the critical solid-liquid separation function Membrane Bioreactors combine conventional biological treatment (e.g. activated sludge) processes with membrane filtration to […]

خانه Electrocoagulation-Electroflotation (ECF) The electrocoagulation flotation technique is a combination of different processes, including electrolysis, flocculation and flotation. Compared to a chemical coagulation process that doses the amount of flocculent, electrocoagulation flotation is a technique that removes more contaminant, reacts quickly, features a larger pH application range, subsides in a more compact manner, and has […]

خانه The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor process was developed in the late 1980s. This process is used to remove organics, nitrification and denitrification. The MBBR system consists of an activated sludge aeration system in which the sludge is recycled and collected in plastic carriers. These carriers with a large internal surface are optimized for contact […]

خانه Upflow Sludge Blanket Filtration (USBF) The principal of separation by filtration of suspended solids of biological sludge applied in USBF technology is much more efficient, compared with sedimentation.This efficiency manifests itself in two major ways, by high separation efficiency which results in higher treated water quality and by higher separation velocity, enabling the reduction […]

خانه Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a different configuration of the conventional activated sludge systems, in which the process can be operated in batches, where the different conditions are all achieved in the same reactor but at different times. The treatment consists of a cycle of five stages: fill, react, […]

خانه DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF) Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) systems are designed to remove suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and oils and greases (O&G) from a wastewater stream. Contaminants are removed through the use of a dissolved air- in-water solution produced by injecting air under pressure into a recycle stream of clarified DAF […]

خانه Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) system commonly include an aeration tank, which is used for biological degradation, and a secondary clarifier (sedimentation tank), where the sludge in separated from the treated wastewater (refer to process flow diagram).The first step of a CAS system is the aeration tank, where the wastewater is […]

خانه Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are used in the treatment of wastewater as a secondary treatment process. The RBC process involves allowing wastewater to come in contact with a biological medium in order to remove contaminants in sewage before discharge of the treated wastewater to the environment, usually a river. The […]

خانه In IDEA process a period of aeration, sedimentation and a period of discharge occur repeatedly in a reactor and the inlet flow enters the bottom of the reactor, where it is slowly dispersed. The treated wastewater is then discharged intermittently during the discharge period. The IDEA treatment process consists of 3 phases: • Aeration• […]

خانه Advanced Oxidation Process Systems (AOP) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing powerful hydroxyl or sulfate radicals as a major oxidizing agent were first proposed in the 1980s for potable water treatment. Later, AOPs were broadly applied for treatment of different types of wastewaters because the strong oxidants can readily degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants and remove […]

خانه Water from oil & gas production facilities and process/plant water often requires a number of options and stages to effectively treat to remove free oil and solids . A CPI Unit can be very effective as the primary oil/solids removal device. The corrugated plate pack in a CPI separator, used in Oily water treatment […]

خانه Zero Liquid Discharge ( ZLD) Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) is a water treatment process in which all wastewater is purified and recycled; therefore, leaving zero discharge at the end of the treatment cycle. Zero liquid discharge is an advanced wastewater treatment method that includes ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, evaporation/crystallization, and fractional electrodeionization. What is ZLD? Zero […]

خانه Superpulsator Solids Contact Clarifier (SPC) High-rate, solids contact clarifier The Superpulsator clarifier combines the principles of a sludge blanket and solids contact system into a single, high-rate, clarification unit. Capable of removing turbidity, color, TOC and other constituents in both municipal and industrial water applications. Superpulsator TechnologyThe Superpulsator Clarifier combines basic chemical principles and […]

خانه IFAS is a combination of two processes of suspended and fixed active bedding. The IFAS method adds the benefits of a fixed film system to the activated sludge process. This method is effective for enhancing nitrification and denitrification processes. The IFAS blend processes are designed to be fully compatible with fine bubble aeration systems, […]

خانه The activated sludge process is the most widely used biological water and wastewater treatment. As is well known, by its means, suspended-growth microorganisms are applied to breakdown wastes. Aeration, the mixing of air and a liquid, is the means used to speed the reactions involved. Aeration methods include spraying the liquid into the air; […]

خانه High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (HERO™) Technology for Difficult to Treat Water High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (HERO) is a reverse osmosis technology specially designed to treat high silica and difficult to treat wastewater. By effectively preventing membrane fouling or scaling, the high efficiency reverse osmosis process offers the end user higher recoveries as well as […]